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<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>News section — CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html"/> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/> <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation" href="../index.html"/> <link rel="up" title="Tutorial" href="index.html"/> <link rel="next" title="Create news items" href="create_news_items.html"/> <link rel="prev" title="Static pages" 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src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" /> </div> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div role="main" class="document"> <div class="section" id="news-section"> <h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework by writing a class that includes static pages. We cleaned up the URI by adding custom routing rules. Now it’s time to introduce dynamic content and start using a database.</p> <div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model"> <h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your database or other data stores. They represent your data.</p> <p>Open up the <em>application/models/</em> directory and create a new file called <em>News_model.php</em> and add the following code. Make sure you’ve configured your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It creates a new model by extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> and loads the database library. This will make the database class available through the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this->db</span></code> object.</p> <p>Before querying the database, a database schema has to be created. Connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL). Also add some seed records.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you’ll need a method to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter — <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> — is used. This makes it possible to write your ‘queries’ once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">all supported database systems</span></a>. Add the following code to your model.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'slug'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>With this code you can perform two different queries. You can get all news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have noticed that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable wasn’t sanitized before running the query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> does this for you.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="display-the-news"> <h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity, a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller is defined. Create the new controller at <em>application/controllers/News.php</em>.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news_model'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'url_helper'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we created earlier. First, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code> method: it calls the constructor of its parent class (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code>) and loads the model, so it can be used in all other methods in this controller. It also loads a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> functions, because we’ll use one of them in a view later.</p> <p>Next, there are two methods to view all news items and one for a specific news item. You can see that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed to the model’s method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the news item to be returned.</p> <p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is passing this data to the views.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'News archive'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/header'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news/index'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/footer'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code> element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a view to render the news items. Create <em>application/views/news/index.php</em> and add the next piece of code.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">></span><span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news/'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'slug'</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span>View article<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template language, you can use CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Template Parser</span></a> class or a third party parser.</p> <p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller and update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> with the following:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">]))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/header'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news/view'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/footer'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Instead of calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_news()</span></code> method without a parameter, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item. The only things left to do is create the corresponding view at <em>application/views/news/view.php</em>. Put the following code in this file.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">'<h2>'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">'</h2>'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">];</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="routing"> <h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file (<em>application/config/routes.php</em>) so it looks as follows. This makes sure the requests reaches the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller instead of going directly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller. The first line routes URI’s with a slug to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news/(:any)'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'news/view/$1'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'(:any)'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pages/view/$1'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'default_controller'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pages/view'</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Point your browser to your document root, followed by index.php/news and watch your news page.</p> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation"> <a href="create_news_items.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Create news items">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a> <a href="static_pages.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Static pages"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a> </div> <hr/> <div role="contentinfo"> <p> © Copyright 2014 - 2019, British Columbia Institute of Technology. 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